Creating Magic Functions in IPython - Part 2

In the previous post, I explained what the magic functions are and why they are cool. We have also created a line magic function that interprets mathematical formulas written in Polish notation. Today, we will talk about cell magic functions.

Cell magics in IPython #

Cell magics are similar to line magics, except that they work on cells (blocks of code), not on single lines. IPython comes with a few predefined ones and most of them will let you interpret code written in a different programming language. Need to run some Python 2 code, but IPython is using Python 3 by default? No problem, just type %%python2, paste/type the code and run it:

In [1]: print 'hello there'
  File "<ipython-input-1-202d533f5f80>", line 1
    print 'hello there'
                      ^
SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to 'print'. Did you mean print('hello there')?

# But!

In [2]: %%python2
   ...: print 'hello there'
   ...:
   ...:
hello there

You can also run code written in Ruby, Bash, JavaScript, and other languages. And those different blocks of code can interact with each other, for example, you can run some JavaScript code and send variables back to Python.

Writing a cell magic function #

Now, let's try to write our own cell magic function. I initially wanted to continue with the example of Polish notation from the first part of the series. So I started writing a function that translates all the mathematical operations in a block of code into a Polish notation form. Unfortunately, I quickly realized that if I want to write a good example (not some half-assed code that works only for + and -), I would have to write a proper interpreter. And that would no longer be a simple example^[1]. So this time, we are going to do something different.

One of the new features that came in Python in version 3.5 are type hints. Some people like them, some people don't (which is probably true for every new feature in every programming language). The nice thing about Python type hints is that they are not mandatory. If you don't like them - don't use them. For fast prototyping or a project that you are maintaining yourself, you are probably fine without them. But for a large code base, with plenty of legacy code maintained by multiple developers - type hints can be tremendously helpful!

As you are probably starting to guess, our cell magic function will check types for a block of code. Why? Well, with IPython, you can quickly prototype some code, tweak it and save it to a file using the %save or %%writefile magic functions (or simply copy and paste it, if it's faster for you). But, at the time of writing this article, there is no built-in type checker in Python. The mypy library is a de facto static type checker, but it's still an external tool that you run from shell (mypy filename.py). So let's make a helper that will allow us to type check Python code directly in IPython!

This is how we expect it to work:

In [1]: %%mypy
   ...: def greet(name: str) -> str:
   ...:     return f"hello {name}"
   ...: greet(1)
   ...:
   ...:
Out[1]: # It should print an error message, as 1 is not a string

To achieve this, we will simply call the run function from mypy.api (as suggested in the documentation) and pass the -c PROGRAM_TEXT parameter that checks a string.

Here is the code for the type checker:

from IPython.core.magic import register_cell_magic

@register_cell_magic('mypy')
def typechecker(line, cell):
    try:
        from mypy.api import run
    except ImportError:
        return "'mypy' not installed. Did you run 'pip install mypy'?"
    
    args = []
    if line:
        args = line.split()
    
    result = run(['-c', cell, *args])

    if result[0]:
        print('\nType checking report:\n')
        print(result[0])  # stdout

    if result[1]:
        print('\nError report:\n')
        print(result[1])  # stderr

    # Return the mypy exit status
    return result[2]

Let's go through the code, given that there are a few interesting bits:

@register_cell_magic(mypy)
def typechecker(line, cell):

We start by defining a function called typechecker and registering it as a cell magic function called %%mypy. Why didn't I just define a function called mypy instead of doing this renaming? Well, if I did that, then our mypy function would shadow the mypy module. In this case, it probably won't cause any problems. But in general, you should avoid shadowing variables/functions/modules, because one day, it will cause you a lot of headache.

try:
    from mypy.api import run
except ImportError:
    return "`mypy` not found. Did you forget to run `pip install mypy`?"

Inside our function, we first try to import the mypy module. If it's not available, we inform the user that it should be installed, before this magic function can be used. The nice thing about importing mypy in the typechecker function is that the import error will show up only when you run the magic function. If you put the import at the top of the file, then save the file inside IPython startup directory, and you don't have mypy module installed, you will get the ImportError every time you start IPython. The downside of this approach is that you are running the import code every time you run the typechecker function. This is something that you should avoid doing, if you care about the performance, but in case of our little helper, it's not a big problem.

If you are using Python 3.6 or higher, you can catch the ModuleNotFoundError error instead of ImportError. ModuleNotFoundError is a new subclass of ImportError thrown when a module can't be located. I want to keep my code compatible with lower versions of Python 3, so I will stick to the ImportError.

args = []
if line:
    args = line.split()

result = run(['-c', cell, *args])

Note that the function used for defining a cell magic must accept both a line and cell parameter. Which is great, because this way, we can actually pass parameters to mypy! So here, we are passing additional arguments from the line parameter to the run function. Here is how you could run our magic function with different settings:

In [1]: %%mypy --ignore-missing-imports --follow-imports error
   ...: CODEBLOCK

which is equivalent to running the following command in the command line: mypy --ignore-missing-imports --follow-imports error -c 'CODEBLOCK'.

The rest of the code is quite similar to the example from the documentation.

Testing time #

Our cell magic function is ready. Let's save it in the IPython startup directory (what's IPython startup directory?, so it will be available next time we start IPython. In my case, I'm saving it in a file called:

~/.ipython/profile_default/startup/magic_functions.py

Now, let's fire up IPython and see if it works:

In [1]: %%mypy
   ...: def greet(name: str) -> str:
   ...:     return f"hello {name}"
   ...: greet('Bob')
   ...:
   ...:
Out[1]: 0

In [2]: %%mypy
   ...: def greet(name: str) -> str:
   ...:     return f"hello {name}"
   ...: greet(1)
   ...:
   ...:

Type checking report:

<string>:3: error: Argument 1 to "greet" has incompatible type "int"; expected "str"

Out[2]: 1

Great, it works! It returns 0 (which is a standard UNIX exit code for a successful command) if everything is fine. Otherwise, it reports what problems have been found.

How about passing some additional parameters?

In [3]: %%mypy
   ...: import flask
   ...:
   ...:

Type checking report:

<string>:1: error: No library stub file for module 'flask'
<string>:1: note: (Stub files are from https://github.com/python/typeshed)

Out[3]: 1

# Ok, this can happen (https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/running_mypy.html#ignore-missing-imports)
# Let's ignore this error

In [4]: %%mypy --ignore-missing-imports
   ...: import flask
   ...:
   ...:
Out[4]: 0

Passing additional parameters also works!

Great, we created a nice little helper function that we can use for checking, if the type hints are correct in a given block of code.

Line and cell magic function #

There is one more decorator that we didn't discuss yet: @register_line_cell_magic. It's nothing special - especially now that you know how line magic and cell magic works - so there is no need for a separate article. IPython documentation explains this decorator very well:

@register_line_cell_magic
def lcmagic(line, cell=None):
    "Magic that works both as %lcmagic and as %%lcmagic"
    if cell is None:
        print("Called as line magic")
        return line
    else:
        print("Called as cell magic")
        return line, cell

If you run %lcmagic, this function won't receive the cell parameter and it will act as a line magic. If you run %%lcmagic, it will receive the cell parameter and - optionally - the line parameter (like in our last example with %%mypy). So you can check for the presence of cell parameter and based on that, control if it should act as a line or cell magic.

Conclusion #

Now you know how to make a line magic and a cell magic functions and how to combine them together into a line and magic function. There is still one more feature that IPython offers - the Magics class. It allows you to write more powerful magic functions, as they can, for example, hold state in between calls. So stay tuned for the last part of this article!

Image from: Pexels

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1. Writing a translator is still a great exercise! I recently followed the Let's Build A Simple Interpreter series, where you would build a Pascal interpreter in Python, and it was a really fun project for someone who never studied the compilers. So, if you are interested in this type of challenge, that blog can help you get started. ↩︎